Intimate and Family murder Essay examples - 1050 Words

After I read the chapter, all I could say is the world’s really strange—maybe gone mad. First-off, it’s pretty disturbing when you think that love could actually be a key to homicide—that â€Å"love† itself could be the very root of motives for murder. Whenever I see the news on TV about intimate or family-related homicides, it awes me and makes me wonder how could they do such a thing. But anyway, I’ve observed that some do it to hide an affair from the spouse, some are for money, others are for authority (certain family status), and some are just for attention. It usually happens between couples. Intimate partner homicide usually involves a man killing his female partner, often after a long and escalating pattern of woman battering. When†¦show more content†¦It is pointed out that a number of studies identify abuse as a factor in female suicide attempts. And most of the battered women, as most studies show, would quot;visit the hos pital with an abuse-related injury or complaint on the same day as their suicide attempt.quot; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As the proportion of the elderly in the U.S. in the population increases, researchers have become increasingly aware of domestic violence among their ranks. Old stereotypes die hard, and social service providers and law enforcement agencies sometimes assume that because people are elderly they are not capable of committing or being victimized by domestic violence. One example is from the chapter itself, with the former military man, Ronald Gene Simmons who executed his entire family on Christmas. He did it because he wanted to control everything in his family. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Speaking of families, there are also cases when the assumption of homicide is usually taken in the form of â€Å"mercy killings†. I’ve also seen movies wherein family members just take the life of one sick member, particularly the elderly. And the reason’s simple: because they’d rather see theShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence Effects On The United States Of America Essay1321 Words   |  6 Pagesto (Breiding, Smith, Basile, et al. (2014) , a national Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, conducted in the U. S. in 2011 revealed, The lifetime prevalence of physical violence by an intimate partner was an estimated 31.5% among women. An estimated 22 .3% of women experienced at least one act of severe physical violence by an intimate partner during their lifetime. The lifetime prevalence of physical violence by an intimate partner was an estimated 27.5% for men. An estimated 14Read MoreCase Study: the Simon Gittany Mu rder Case Essay1734 Words   |  7 PagesCase Study: The Simon Gittany Murder Case Word count: 1543 Type of Homicide Simon Gittany was charged with the murder of Lisa Cecilia Harnum on 30 July 2011, was later found guilty on 27 November 2013 and sentenced to 18 years imprisoned without parole. At the time of Lisa Harnums death, she and Simon Gittany were living together and were engaged to be married. Their apartment was on the 15th floor of a block of apartments in Sydney. Miss Harnum fell to her death from the balcony of thatRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children780 Words   |  4 Pages(National Domestic Violence Statistics, 2014). 72% of all murder-suicides involve an intimate partner and 94% of the victims of these murder suicides are females. Moreover, 9.4% of women in the United States have been raped by an intimate partner in their lifetime (National Domestic Violence Statistics, 2014). Intimate partner violence accounts for 15 % of all violent crimes (National Domestic Violence Statistics, 2014). Domestic violence (DV) or intimate partner violence (IPV) is defined as a patt ern ofRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence And Domestic Violence1300 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction. Intimate partner violence (IPV) which falls into the category of domestic violence is an epidemic among individuals in every community affecting twelve million men and women each year. IPV has no discrimination when it comes to characteristics of the victims. Although victims of IPV are predominately female, men are just as capable of becoming victims as well. The term intimate partner violence describes physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner (CDC, 2015)Read MoreSocial Structure And The Occurrence Of Family Homicides1663 Words   |  7 PagesOccurrence of Family Homicides. Colleen M. Mohsinger NCCU CRJU – 3000 WT1 SP’2015 In 2010, Chelsea Diem and Jesenia M. Pizarro set out to determine whether social structure had an influence on the occurrence of familial homicide in any significant fashion. They wanted to analyze the relationships between social disorganization, economic deficiency, and different types of family homicide. Diem and Pizarro (2010) stated in their research that due to the rarer incidences of family homicidesRead MoreDomestic Violence And Mental Injuries1399 Words   |  6 Pagesby an intimate partner in the U.S. which equates to more than 10 million people. This number is staggering. It is also reported by NCADV (2015) that more than 20,000 calls are made to domestic violence hotlines every day, and women ages 18-24 are most commonly abused by an intimate partner. The statistics go on and on and the number of domestic violence statistics increase every year. NCADV (2015), reports that 1 in 3 female murder victims and 1 in 20 male murder victims are killed by intimate partnersRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence And Domestic Violence1728 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Intimate partner violence (IPV) which falls into the category of domestic violence, is an epidemic among individuals in every community affecting twelve million men and women each year. IPV has no discrimination when it comes to characteristics of the victims. Although victims of IPV are predominately female, men are just as capable of becoming victims as well. The term intimate partner violence describes physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner (CDC,Read MoreThe Homicides Committed By Ortiz879 Words   |  4 Pagesincluded his father, mother, aunt and older brother, which were successful gang members, he did not observe or experience an adequate exposure to conventional norms. Becoming a gang member was part of the family business. Many generations before Ortiz served in the gang and it had became a family tradition that Ortiz was expected to carry on. His friends were also in the gang because they lived in the same housing project as he did. The housing project that the gang formed due to where Ortiz wasRead MoreViolence And Sexual Abuse At The Health Care Agencies1576 Words   |  7 Pagesoccurs in all communities, regardless of social, economic, religious, or cultural group. There are different types of violence and abuse such as homicide, school violence, intimate partner violence, child abuse, elder abuse, sexual abuse etc.†¦ but this presentation will mostly emphasize on women violence, especially on intimate partner violence. Although women can be violent in relationship with men, the overwhelming burden of partner violence is considered by women at the hands of men. ViolenceRead MoreViolence Against Children and Women702 Words   |  3 Pagessocieties across the world view children and women as being submissive members of a family while men hold dominant roles. Laws and the society have often promoted a mans rights to manipulate and control his family, even through violence, from the olden days to the prese nt world. Domestic violence refers to aggression or violence perpetrated within the perspective of a momentous interpersonal relationship such as marriage, family and dating (Karmen, 2010). It includes violence between a wife and a husband

Literary Works Based On War And Heroism - 1003 Words

Kenyia Lepine Instructor Lovoy English 271 June 22, 2015 In reading The Iliad and Beowulf, one can conclude they are both literary works based on war and heroism. The hero in the Iliad is Achilles, who is from Greece and is the Archaen army’s greatest warrior in the battle of the Trojan war. Beowulf, a Geatish warrior has come to help the Danes in their long fight against Grendel, showing his heroism. Both characters Achilles and Beowulf share some similar traits such as their thirst for glory, their abnormal strength, and their courage. The characters also display several differences among each other as in they are not from the same cultures, Beowulf is more selfless than Achilles, and Achilles fights humans instead of mythical creatures such as Beowulf does. In medieval literature and todays literature, heroism is important simply because it gives people hope and inspires them. As stated before, Achilles and Beowulf were both thirsty for glory and I think that trait is still present in today’s time which cannot always be p ositive. Also, in todays time it is not the term hero that has changed. It is we who have changed. For most people, the media, pop culture, and events in society change our perception of a hero. In Beowulf, Beowulf’s thirst for glory is expressed throughout the entire story. â€Å"Inspired again by the thought of glory, the war-king threw his whole strength behind a sword-stroke and connected with the skull (2677-2680)†. In the Iliad, Achilles shows hisShow MoreRelatedThe Civil War And The 19th Century Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesThe 19th century was one of the most troubling times in human history. Things like the civil war, child labor and even slavery helped shape the literary culture from 1850-1900. The civil war was a war fought between the Northern and Southern States in the United States of America. Among the 34 states in January 1861, seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the United States of America and formed the Confeder ate States of America. The first state to secede was southRead MoreFahrenheit 451s Guy Montag: a Hero or a Villain?1209 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscuss and apply the five literary elements of literature to the text. In greater detail, when a work itself is criticized or evaluated, usually one literary element is focused on to prove an argument pertaining to a novel. To bring the topic into focus, Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 possesses many points that could be argued in contradictory ways based upon factual evidence from the text. In particular, the story presents a futuristic world that is in the middle of a nuclear war crisis. The futuristicRead MoreAnalysis Of Wilfred Owen s Poem Dulce Et Decorum Est1692 Words   |  7 Pagesdominant World War One ideologies of militarism and nationalism. You will find that this poem is a great example as it defies the dominant values and beliefs of war in Britain. Wilfred Owen Let’s discuss the poet. Wilfred Owen was one of the leading voices of the first world war. In January 1917, Owen was deployed but he was innocent to the realism of war. In April, he sustained shell-shock during active service, which led to his return to Britain. While being treated at the Craiglockhart War HospitalRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1314 Words   |  6 Pagesduties and instead was deeply in debt and unable to care for his wife and children. In a cultural society where a son was to inherit a barn, a title, a wife and crop; the author describes a much different life for Okonkwo (Achebe, 1959). In addition, based on the religious culture of the Igbo tribe, Unoka was considered to have bad chi, an ill-fated death of evil fortune and a dishonorable burial. Thus, Okonkwo hated his father for these attributes and swore to be the opposite of him. Achebe articulatesRead MoreThe Dream Of The Rood And Beowulf1488 Words   |  6 PagesIn Anglo-Saxon literary works, the writing usually addressed to a Christian audience but yet all commonly affirm the values of the warrior cultures in power in different matters. In the two pieces â€Å"The Dream of the Rood† and Beowulf there are two powerf ul kings being represented that are set in overlapping values that benefit their true courageous deeds. Both are considered good, but do they mean the same thing in Christianity and paganism contexts? Specifically, the two pieces both fuse togetherRead Moreâ€Å"To face the blood and the slaughter† Spartan Society and Values according to Tyrtaeus and Xenophon1114 Words   |  5 Pagesaccording to Tyrtaeus and Xenophon â€Å"No man ever proves himself a good man in war unless he can endure to face the blood and the slaughter, go against the enemy and fight with his hands.† The preceding was quoted from â€Å"The Spartan creed† by the poet Tyrtaeus. There are two authors in this primary resource reading which include Tyrtaeus as well as Xenophon, whom authored â€Å"The laws and customs of the Spartans†. These two works give great detail to the Spartan society. As history has presented it, SpartaRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Civil War1155 Words   |  5 Pages African Americans were kept out of the loop of American society. The constant struggles for whatever advantages they could gain. African Americans were the main source of labor; back then black children are forced to work rather than go to school and be educated reading was even forbidden. African Americans have for the most part lost whatever Socially, politically, economically situation they had as a result of Reconstruction very brutally and systematically. African Americans did not attempt toRead MoreThe Celtic Twilight And Celtic Revival1106 Words   |  5 PagesAlso called the Celtic twilight after W.B. Yeats’ The Celtic Twilight and the Celtic Revival, the Irish Literature Revival is a reverse step in literary history to the Celtic folklore for â€Å"authenticity in the construction of traditions (597)† as they â€Å"are continually redefined in response to political demands (597).† Since the Celtic people were known to be the first Europeans who inhabite d the Western Europe, it implies â€Å"a discrete category of identity by virtue of having a name applied to themRead MoreGender Roles : The Great Gatsby, The Mystery Of Heroism, And The Scarlet Letter1862 Words   |  8 Pagesthat the societal expectations placed on gender affect literary works. Gender often conflicts with the hopes and dreams of the characters and makes it harder for them to achieve success. The flawed societal gender constructions found in American literature are adversarial to characters in their search for fulfillment. The concept of gender roles obstructing success is ubiquitous in the many works, including The Great Gatsby, The Mystery of Heroism, The Scarlet Letter, A Raisin In The Sun, and The DeathRead MoreHemingway s The World War I, Lost Generation, By Ernest Hemingway1460 Words   |  6 Pagesand ignorant. Literary style and works Many people hold the opinion that there has been no American writer like Ernest Hemingway. A member of the World War I â€Å"lost generation,† Hemingway was in many ways his own best character. Whether as his childhood nickname of â€Å"Champ† or as the older â€Å"Papa,† Ernest Hemingway became a legend of his own lifetime. Although the drama and romance of his life sometimes seem to overshadow the quality of his work, Hemingway was first and foremost a literary scholar, a writer

Digital Fortress Chapter 127-128 Free Essays

Chapter 127 There was a sudden and reverent silence among the group on the podium. It was as if they were watching an eclipse or volcanic eruption-an incredible chain of events over which they had no control. Time seemed to slow to a crawl. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Fortress Chapter 127-128 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"We’re losing it!† a technician cried. â€Å"Tie-ins! All lines!† On the far-left screen, David and Agents Smith and Coliander stared blankly into their camera. On the VR, the final fire wall was only a sliver. A mass of blackness surrounded it, hundreds of lines waiting to tie in. To the right of that was Tankado. The stilted clips of his final moments ran by in an endless loop. The look of desperation-fingers stretched outward, the ring glistening in the sun. Susan watched the clip as it went in and out of focus. She stared at Tankado’s eyes-they seemed filled with regret. He never wanted it to go this far, she told herself. He wanted to save us. And yet, over and over, Tankado held his fingers outward, forcing the ring in front of people’s eyes. He was trying to speak but could not. He just kept thrusting his fingers forward. In Seville, Becker’s mind still turned it over and over. He mumbled to himself, â€Å"What did they say those two isotopes were? U238 and U†¦?† He sighed heavily-it didn’t matter. He was a language teacher, not a physicist. â€Å"Incoming lines preparing to authenticate!† â€Å"Jesus!† Jabba bellowed in frustration. â€Å"How do the damn isotopes differ? Nobody knows how the hell they’re different?!† There was no response. The room full of technicians stood helplessly watching the VR. Jabba spun back to the monitor and threw up his arms. â€Å"Where’s a nuclear fucking physicist when you need one!† Susan stared up at the QuickTime clip on the wall screen and knew it was over. In slow motion, she watched Tankado dying over and over. He was trying to speak, choking on his words, holding out his deformed hand†¦ trying to communicate something. He was trying to save the databank, Susan told herself. But we’ll never know how. â€Å"Company at the door!† Jabba stared at the screen. â€Å"Here we go!† Sweat poured down his face. On the center screen, the final wisp of the last firewall had all but disappeared. The black mass of lines surrounding the core was opaque and pulsating. Midge turned away. Fontaine stood rigid, eyes front. Brinkerhoff looked like he was about to get sick. â€Å"Ten seconds!† Susan’s eyes never left Tankado’s image. The desperation. The regret. His hand reached out, over and over, ring glistening, deformed fingers arched crookedly in stranger’s faces. He’s telling them something. What is it? On the screen overhead, David looked deep in thought. â€Å"Difference,† he kept muttering to himself. â€Å"Difference between U238 and U235. It’s got to be something simple.† A technician began the countdown. â€Å"Five! Four! Three!† The word made it to Spain in just under a tenth of a second. Three†¦ three. It was as if David Becker had been hit by the stun gun all over again. His world slowed to stop. Three†¦ three†¦ three. 238 minus 235! The difference is three! In slow motion, he reached for the microphone†¦ At that very instant, Susan was staring at Tankado’s outstretched hand. Suddenly, she saw past the ring†¦ past the engraved gold to the flesh beneath†¦ to his fingers. Three fingers. It was not the ring at all. It was the flesh. Tankado was not telling them, he was showing them. He was telling his secret, revealing the kill-code-begging someone to understand†¦ praying his secret would find its way to the NSA in time. â€Å"Three,† Susan whispered, stunned. â€Å"Three!† Becker yelled from Spain. But in the chaos, no one seemed to hear. â€Å"We’re down!† a technician yelled. The VR began flashing wildly as the core succumbed to a deluge. Sirens erupted overhead. â€Å"Outbound data!† â€Å"High-speed tie-ins in all sectors!† Susan moved as if through a dream. She spun toward Jabba’s keyboard. As she turned, her gaze fixed on her fiance, David Becker. Again his voice exploded overhead. â€Å"Three! The difference between 235 and 238 is three!† Everyone in the room looked up. â€Å"Three!† Susan shouted over the deafening cacophony of sirens and technicians. She pointed to the screen. All eyes followed, to Tankado’s hand, outstretched, three fingers waving desperately in the Sevillian sun. Jabba went rigid. â€Å"Oh my God!† He suddenly realized the crippled genius had been giving them the answer all the time. â€Å"Three’s prime!† Soshi blurted. â€Å"Three’s a prime number!† Fontaine looked dazed. â€Å"Can it be that simple?† â€Å"Outbound data!† a technician cried. â€Å"It’s going fast!† Everyone on the podium dove for the terminal at the same instant-a mass of outstretched hands. But through the crowd, Susan, like a shortstop stabbing a line drive, connected with her target. She typed the number 3. Everyone wheeled to the wall screen. Above the chaos, it simply read. ENTER PASS-KEY? 3 â€Å"Yes!† Fontaine commanded. â€Å"Do it now!† Susan held her breath and lowered her finger on the ENTER key. The computer beeped once. Nobody moved. Three agonizing seconds later, nothing had happened. The sirens kept going. Five seconds. Six seconds. â€Å"Outbound data!† â€Å"No change!† Suddenly Midge began pointing wildly to the screen above. â€Å"Look!† On it, a message had materialized. KILL CODE CONFIRMED. â€Å"Upload the firewalls!† Jabba ordered. But Soshi was a step ahead of him. She had already sent the command. â€Å"Outbound interrupt!† a technician yelled. â€Å"Tie-ins severed!† On the VR overhead, the first of the five firewalls began reappearing. The black lines attacking the core were instantly severed. â€Å"Reinstating!† Jabba cried. â€Å"The damn thing’s reinstating!† There was a moment of tentative disbelief, as if at any instant, everything would fall apart. But then the second firewall began reappearing†¦ and then the third. Moments later the entire series of filters reappeared. The databank was secure. The room erupted. Pandemonium. Technicians hugged, tossing computer printouts in the air in celebration. Sirens wound down. Brinkerhoff grabbed Midge and held on. Soshi burst into tears. â€Å"Jabba,† Fontaine demanded. â€Å"How much did they get?† â€Å"Very little,† Jabba said, studying his monitor. â€Å"Very little. And nothing complete.† Fontaine nodded slowly, a wry smile forming in the corner of his mouth. He looked around for Susan Fletcher, but she was already walking toward the front of the room. On the wall before her, David Becker’s face filled the screen. â€Å"David?† â€Å"Hey, gorgeous.† He smiled. â€Å"Come home,† she said. â€Å"Come home, right now.† â€Å"Meet you at Stone Manor?† he asked. She nodded, the tears welling. â€Å"Deal.† â€Å"Agent Smith?† Fontaine called. Smith appeared onscreen behind Becker. â€Å"Yes, sir?† â€Å"It appears Mr. Becker has a date. Could you see that he gets home immediately?† Smith nodded. â€Å"Our jet’s in Malaga.† He patted Becker on the back. â€Å"You’re in for a treat, Professor. Ever flown in a Learjet 60?† Becker chuckled. â€Å"Not since yesterday.† Chapter 128 When Susan awoke, the sun was shining. the soft rays sifted through the curtains and filtered across her goosedown feather bed. She reached for David. Am I dreaming? Her body remained motionless, spent, still dizzy from the night before. â€Å"David?† She moaned. There was no reply. She opened her eyes, her skin still tingling. The mattress on the other side of the bed was cold. David was gone. I’m dreaming, Susan thought. She sat up. The room was Victorian, all lace and antiques-Stone Manor’s finest suite. Her overnight bag was in the middle of the hardwood floor†¦ her lingerie on a Queen Anne chair beside the bed. Had David really arrived? She had memories-his body against hers, his waking her with soft kisses. Had she dreamed it all? She turned to the bedside table. There was an empty bottle of champagne, two glasses†¦ and a note. Rubbing the sleep from her eyes, Susan drew the comforter around her naked body and read the message. Dearest Susan, I love you. Without wax, David. She beamed and pulled the note to her chest. It was David, all right. Without wax†¦ it was the one code she had yet to break. Something stirred in the corner, and Susan looked up. On a plush divan, basking in the morning sun, wrapped in thick bathrobe, David Becker sat quietly watching her. She reached out, beckoning him to come to her. â€Å"Without wax?† she cooed, taking him in her arms. â€Å"Without wax.† He smiled. She kissed him deeply. â€Å"Tell me what it means.† â€Å"No chance.† He laughed. â€Å"A couple needs secrets-it keeps things interesting.† Susan smiled coyly. â€Å"Any more interesting than last night and I’ll never walk again.† David took her in his arms. He felt weightless. He had almost died yesterday, and yet here he was, as alive as he had ever felt in his life. Susan lay with her head on his chest, listening to the beat of his heart. She couldn’t believe that she had thought he was gone forever. â€Å"David.† She sighed, eyeing the note beside the table. â€Å"Tell me about ‘without wax.’ You know I hate codes I can’t break.† David was silent. â€Å"Tell me.† Susan pouted. â€Å"Or you’ll never have me again.† â€Å"Liar.† Susan hit him with a pillow. â€Å"Tell me! Now!† But David knew he would never tell. The secret behind â€Å"without wax† was too sweet. Its origins were ancient. During the Renaissance, Spanish sculptors who made mistakes while carving expensive marble often patched their flaws with cera-â€Å"wax.† A statue that had no flaws and required no patching was hailed as a â€Å"sculpture sincera† or a â€Å"sculpture without wax.† The phrase eventually came to mean anything honest or true. The English word â€Å"sincere† evolved from the Spanish sincera-â€Å"without wax.† David’s secret code was no great mystery-he was simply signing his letters â€Å"Sincerely.† Somehow he suspected Susan would not be amused. â€Å"You’ll be pleased to know,† David said, attempting to change the subject, â€Å"that during the flight home, I called the president of the university.† Susan looked up, hopeful. â€Å"Tell me you resigned as department chair.† David nodded. â€Å"I’ll be back in the classroom next semester.† She sighed in relief. â€Å"Right where you belonged in the first place.† David smiled softly. â€Å"Yeah, I guess Spain reminded me what’s important.† â€Å"Back to breaking coeds’ hearts?† Susan kissed his cheek. â€Å"Well, at least you’ll have time to help me edit my manuscript.† â€Å"Manuscript?† â€Å"Yes. I’ve decided to publish.† â€Å"Publish?† David looked doubtful. â€Å"Publish what?† â€Å"Some ideas I have on variant filter protocols and quadratic residues.† He groaned. â€Å"Sounds like a real best-seller.† She laughed. â€Å"You’d be surprised.† David fished inside the pocket of his bathrobe and pulled out a small object. â€Å"Close your eyes. I have something for you.† Susan closed her eyes. â€Å"Let me guess-a gaudy gold ring with Latin all over it?† â€Å"No.† David chuckled. â€Å"I had Fontaine return that to Ensei Tankado’s estate.† He took Susan’s hand and slipped something onto her finger. â€Å"Liar.† Susan laughed, opening her eyes. â€Å"I knew-â€Å" But Susan stopped short. The ring on her finger was not Tankado’s at all. It was a platinum setting that held a glittering diamond solitaire. Susan gasped. David looked her in the eye. â€Å"Will you marry me?† Susan’s breath caught in her throat. She looked at him and then back to the ring. Her eyes suddenly welled up. â€Å"Oh, David†¦ I don’t know what to say.† â€Å"Say yes.† Susan turned away and didn’t say a word. David waited. â€Å"Susan Fletcher, I love you. Marry me.† Susan lifted her head. Her eyes were filled with tears. â€Å"I’m sorry, David,† she whispered. â€Å"I†¦ I can’t.† David stared in shock. He searched her eyes for the playful glimmer he’d come to expect from her. It wasn’t there. â€Å"S-Susan,† he stammered. â€Å"I-I don’t understand.† â€Å"I can’t,† she repeated. â€Å"I can’t marry you.† She turned away. Her shoulders started trembling. She covered her face with her hands. David was bewildered. â€Å"But, Susan†¦ I thought†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He held her trembling shoulders and turned her body toward him. It was then that he understood. Susan Fletcher was not crying at all; she was in hysterics. â€Å"I won’t marry you!† She laughed, attacking again with the pillow. â€Å"Not until you explain ‘without wax’! You’re driving me crazy!† How to cite Digital Fortress Chapter 127-128, Essay examples

Capital Budgeting

Answer 1: Calculation of project IRR: Initial Cash Flow: $3,000,000.00 Discounted Net Cash Flows at 19% Year Cash Flows PVF(@19 % PV 1 $1,100,000.00 0.840336134 $924,369.75 2 $1,450,000.00 0.706164819 $1,023,938.99 3 $1,300,000.00 0.593415814 $771,440.56 4 $950,000.00 0.498668751 $473,735.31 $3,193,484.61 Discounted Net Cash Flows at 24 % Year Cash Flows PVF(@24% PV 1 $1,100,000.00 0.806451613 $887,096.77 2 $1,450,000.00 0.650364204 $943,028.10 3 $1,300,000.00 0.524487261 $681,833.44 4 $950,000.00 0.422973598 $401,824.92 $2,913,783.23 IRR= IRR = 22.46 % Answer 2: Calculation of NPV Year Cash Flows PVF(@15% PV 1 $1,100,000.00 0.869565217 $956,521.74 2 $1,450,000.00 0.756143667 $1,096,408.32 3 $1,300,000.00 0.657516232 $854,771.10 4 $950,000.00 0.571753246 $543,165.58 $3,450,866.74 Initial Investment = $ 3,000,000.00 NPV = $3,450,866.74 - = $ 3,000,000.00 = $450,866.74 Answer 3: The Company should accept this project as the NPV of the project is positive. The NPV in this case is $ 450,866.00. Also, the IRR is higher than the required rate of return. Answer 4: The depreciation is the expense that occurs every year to write off the plant and machinery. Basically, depreciation does not affect the cash flows, but in case of tax implication, the amount of depreciation is subtracted from the cash flow before subtracting the tax. Therefore, depreciation provides the tax benefits, which ultimately increases the amount of the cash flow (Peterson Fabozzi, 2004). Answer 5: Sunk Cost = Sunk cost refers to that part of the project costs, which have been incurred and there is no chance to recover them. Sunk cost is just opposite to the variable cost, because it does not change with the change in the proposed course of action. This cost does not take part in decision making process as there is no relevance in taking this cost and if taken, then it does not affect the decision. Examples of sunk cost are the research cost that has been incurred before the starting the project, staff training cost, advertising cost, etc. In the present case of Air Jet Best Parts Inc., the cost that has been incurred before purchasing the machine is regarded as the Sunk cost and it does affect the decision for purchasing the machine (Bierman Smidt, 2007). Opportunity cost: Opportunity cost refers to the benefit that is foregone, when another course of alternative is chosen. In simple words, when an alternative is chosen over other alternative, then the cost of choosing that alternative is called as opportunity cost. Example of opportunity cost in the present case is when the company accepts another proposal whose NPV is greater than the recent alternative having NPV of $450,866.74 and the benefit that the company will loose for not accepting the recent project is regarded as the opportunity cost (Bierman Smidt, 2007). Answer 6: Sensitivity analysis of the project In the present case, sensitivity analysis of the project has been done for different rates of returns. For this purpose 14%, 16% and 18% rates have been selected. NPV at 14 % Year Cash Flows PVF(@14% PV 1 $1,100,000.00 0.877192982 $964,912.28 2 $1,450,000.00 0.769467528 $1,115,727.92 3 $1,300,000.00 0.674971516 $877,462.97 4 $950,000.00 0.592080277 $562,476.26 $3,520,579.43 NPV (14%) = $520,579.43 NPV at 16 % Year Cash Flows PVF(@16% PV 1 $1,100,000.00 0.862068966 $948,275.86 2 $1,450,000.00 0.743162901 $1,077,586.21 3 $1,300,000.00 0.640657674 $832,854.98 4 $950,000.00 0.552291098 $524,676.54 $3,383,393.59 NPV (16%) = $383,393.59 NVP at 18 % Year Cash Flows PVF(@18% PV 1 $1,100,000.00 0.847457627 $932,203.39 2 $1,450,000.00 0.71818443 $1,041,367.42 3 $1,300,000.00 0.608630873 $791,220.13 4 $950,000.00 0.515788875 $489,999.43 $3,254,790.38 NPV (18%) = $254,790.38 Following graph represent the relationship between r and NPV. For analyzing the scenario, three possible cases of cash flows have been selected most likely, moderate and worst. In all cases, the probability of the cash flow is given below: Year Cash Flows Most Likely PVF(@15% PV 1 $1,100,000.00 $990,000.00 0.869565217 $860,869.57 2 $1,450,000.00 $1,305,000.00 0.756143667 $986,767.49 3 $1,300,000.00 $1,170,000.00 0.657516232 $769,293.99 4 $950,000.00 $855,000.00 0.571753246 $488,849.02 $3,105,780.07 Year Cash Flows Moderate PVF(@15% PV 1 $1,100,000.00 $880,000.00 0.869565217 $765,217.39 2 $1,450,000.00 $1,160,000.00 0.756143667 $877,126.65 3 $1,300,000.00 $1,040,000.00 0.657516232 $683,816.88 4 $950,000.00 $760,000.00 0.571753246 $434,532.47 $2,760,693.39 Year Cash Flows Worst PVF(@15% PV 1 $1,100,000.00 $770,000.00 0.869565217 $669,565.22 2 $1,450,000.00 $1,015,000.00 0.756143667 $767,485.82 3 $1,300,000.00 $910,000.00 0.657516232 $598,339.77 4 $950,000.00 $665,000.00 0.571753246 $380,215.91 $2,415,606.72 On analyzing the scenario in different conditions it can be concluded that in case of most likely situation there is total NPV of $ 105780.07 whereas in case of worst situation the NPV is $ 584,393.28. The NPV in this scenario is computed below: tablewidth="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="1" Situation Probability NPV Total Most likely 0.25 $3,105,780.07 $776,445.02 Moderate 0.50 $2,760,693.39 $1,380,346.70 Worst 0.25 $2,415,606.72 $603,901.68 $2,760,693.39 There are many risks associated with the project, like market risk and specific risk. Market risk is the risk that arises with the change in the market prices. Examples of market risk are inflation in market, downfall in US dollar value and some other government intervention that leads to close the project. There are also some specified risks associated with this project, like if the expected cash flows are not generated according to the desired level and when whole project fails due to no demand in the market (Baker English, 2011). Task 5: Answer 1(a): The competitor chosen is Raytheon INC. that has issued Raytheon 7.2% having maturity date 15 august, 2027 and YTM of 4.16 % (Morning Star 2013). Let assumed that AirJet Best Parts Inc. has issued the bond having face value of $100.00 and coupon rate 7.2%. Therefore cost of debt is 4.16 %. Answer 1(b): Cost of debt (Bonds) = Current YTM of Bonds x (1-t) = 4.16 (1-.034) = 2.74 % Answer 1(c): Other method for calculation of cost of debt is as follows: (Pratt, 2003). Cost of Debt (Kd) = (Amount of Interest / Amount of debt) X 100 Also when there is premium or discount the cost of debt is as follows Cost of Debt (Kd) = Interest amount/ (Amount of debenture + Amount of premium) X 100 Cost of Debt (Kd) = Interest Amount/ (Amount of Debenture Amount of Discount) X 100 Answer 1(d): The coupon rate (based on the face value of the bond) determines the interest payment, but not necessary reflect the actual cost of the corporations debt. As the required return changes the price of the debt issue price also changes so that the actual interest payments and anticipated payments at the end gives the investors their revised required return (Pratt, 2003). Answer 2: Betas of the three competitors are as follows Competitors Beta Raytheon Co. 0.63 Lockheed Martin Corporation 0.6 Northrop Grumman Corporation 1.03 Source: Yahoo Finance Answer 2(a): Average of beta: (0.63+ 0.60 + 1.03)/3 = 0.75 Risk free return = 3%, Market return = 4 % Using CAPM model Expected return = 3 % + 0.75(4%-3%) = 3.75% Answer 2(b): Advantages of using CAPM model: It is one the easiest method to calculate the expected return of the equity. It considers only systematic risk that reflect that it assume real factors in computing the expected return. Disadvantages of using CAPM model: It assumes that market is stable. It also assumes individuals can borrow and lend freely at a risk less rate of return. Dividend growth model cannot be applied where company does declare any dividend or whose dividend per share is growing at a rate higher than cost of equity (Ke). This method also fails to deal with risk directly. On the contrary CAPM model has a wider approach as it deals with some restrictive assumptions. The main condition for using this model is that companys share is quoted on the stock exchange and all the variables in this model are market determined. Answer 3 (a): Current value of stock = $ 50.00 Dividend paid = $ 2.93 Face Value (assumed) = $ 10.00 n = 10 years (assumed) Cost of preferred stock: = 23 % Answer 3(b): The other method for calculating the cost of preferred stock is as follows Kp = Amount of preference dividend/ Preference share capital In adjustment case cost of preferred capital will change and can be calculated by following way:- Kp = D/ NP D = Annual preference dividend, NP = Net proceed = Par value of Pref. share capital discount cost of floatation Or NP = Par value of pref. share capital + Premium Answer 4: WACC = (0.3 x 2.74 %) + (0.6 x 3.75%) + (0.10 x 23 %). = 5.372 % Answer 5: Yes, company should use WACC for all the projects because of the following reasons: (Besley Brigham, 2008) This method is easy to use as compare to other methods. Same rate can be used for all the projects. No separate calculation is required to calculate the other project cost of capital as it cover all the capital invested in the business. Answer 6: Year Cash Flows PVF(@5.37% PV 1 $1,100,000.00 0.949036728 $1,043,940.40 2 $1,450,000.00 0.900670711 $1,305,972.53 3 $1,300,000.00 0.854769584 $1,111,200.46 4 $950,000.00 0.811207729 $770,647.34 $4,231,760.73 Yes, company should accept the project as the in this case the NPV of the project is $ $1,231,760.73 which is mush higher than the actual earning (Besley Brigham, 2008). References Baker, H. K., English, P. (2011). Capital Budgeting Valuation: Financial Analysis for Today's Investment Projects. John Wiley Sons Besley, S. Brigham, E. F. (2008). Essentials of Managerial Finance. Cengage Learning. Bierman, H., Smidt, S. (2007). The Capital Budgeting Decision, Ninth Edition: Economic Analysis of Investment Projects. Routledge Morning Star. (2013). Raytheon Company RTN. Retrieved 15 June 2013 from Peterson, P. P., Fabozzi, F. J. (2004). Capital Budgeting: Theory and Practice. John Wiley Sons. Pratt, S. P. (2003). Cost of Capital: Estimation and Applications. John Wiley Sons. Yahoo Finance. (2013). All data retrieved 15 June 2013 from

To Kill a Mockingbird Scouts Maturation free essay sample

Maycomb County. â€Å"When we went home I told Jem we’d really have something to talk about at school on Monday. † (p. 130) exemplifies this. Another sign of Scout’s becoming more mature is when she learns to compromise. If you’ll concede the necessity of going to school, we’ll go on reading every night just as we always have. † (pg. 41). She compromised with Atticus that if she’d keep on going to school, he’d keep on reading to her at home. Scout seems to take the biggest steps in her internal process of maturation towards the end of the book. As the book comes to a close, although never explicitly said, we as the reader see that Scout begins to understand the symbolism of the mockingbird, which does nothing to harm anyone but, â€Å"Only sing their hearts out for us. † (p. 119). She starts to realize the â€Å"mockingbirds† who were all around her, people who did nothing to harm anyone but were nevertheless destroyed the common nature of man, people like Tom Robinson and Boo Radley. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird Scouts Maturation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her last and biggest step in maturation is when she steps onto the front porch of the old Radley place with Boo. She has learned that the initial judgment of people is generally wrong. Also, when she steps onto the porch, all of her original thoughts about who Boo was washed away with a new perspective that he was one of the nicest and bravest people she had ever met. At the beginning of the novel, Scout is a selfish and immature girl. Throughout the duration of the book, we see her mature and blossom into a young woman. She does this by watching the world around her and developing her own sense of right and wrong. Her environment, the town of Maycomb, forces her maturation process to speed up faster than she’d like. It also forces her to learn tough life lessons at a very young. She now understands the cruel nature of racism and the true nature of men.

3 Tips for Writing a Stand-Out Why Tulane Essay

3 Tips for Writing a Stand-Out Why Tulane Essay SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re applying to Tulane University, you can choose to answer the Why Tulane optional statement as part of your application. The Why Tulane supplement essay asks you to explain why you want to attend Tulane. In this article, we’ll talk about what the Why Tulane application is, whether you should answer it, and how to write a successful essay that’ll help increase your chances of admission. The Why Tulane Essay Prompt The Why Tulane supplement essay is straightforward: Please describe why you are interested in attending Tulane University (optional) (50-800 words). See? Straight to the point. While the instructions are simple, the wide range of word count and relatively open-ended prompt make the Why Tulane essay more difficult than it initially seems. You’ll need to put some serious effort into your essay in order to stand out as an applicant. Should I Write the Why Tulane Supplement Essay? Looking at the Why Tulane application essay, you might be wondering if you even need to write the essay in the first place. After all, the prompt does say â€Å"optional†. While that’s true, it would be a huge mistake to not write your Why Tulane application essay. This essay is a great opportunity to a) show off any interests and talents you have that aren’t immediately apparent on the rest of your application and b) demonstrate why Tulane is a great fit for you and vice versa. The Tulane supplement essay is your chance to prove that you belong on Tulane’s New Orleans campus - don’t forgo it! What Is the Purpose of the Why Tulane Essay? Colleges like Tulane want to see that you really want to attend their school. Applicants who love their school are more likely to be active and happy students and later, active and happy alumni. Your essay should show the admissions committee that you really love Tulane, which will make them feel more confident that you’ll be a great addition to the campus. Applicants that really want to attend a school are also more likely to enroll, meaning that Tulane’s rate of enrollment will be higher. Similarly, Tulane wants to make sure you know and value what they offer, and they also want to assess how you’ll take advantage of the many opportunities on Tulane’s campus to further your academic and professional career. This essay is a great opportunity for the admissions committee to weed out students who haven’t done their research on Tulane or really don’t care about attending. What Should I Write About in My Why Tulane Application Essay? Your Why Tulane essay is your chance to express to the admissions committee why you want to attend Tulane. What made you apply to this school over any of the thousands of others you could have applied to? Your Why Tulane application essay should be personal. The admissions committee doesn’t want to read a cookie-cutter statement that could be written by any student about any school. Your paper should read as uniquely about you and uniquely about Tulane. With that in mind, here are three ideas for what you can write about for your Why Tulane essay. #1: What Resonated With You When You Visited Tulane If you made it down to New Orleans to visit Tulane, you should tell a specific story about what resonated with you on your campus trip. You could talk about a class that you sit in on or an experience you had with a tour guide. You could discuss visiting a local restaurant or engaging with New Orleans culture. The Tulane admissions committee wants to hear about what stuck with you - and generic, bland answers will stand out as insincere. This essay isn’t about why you want to attend college - it’s about why you want to attend Tulane. Pick experiences that could only happen at Tulane, not anywhere else. #2: What Makes Tulane a Great Match With Your Past and Your Future You can use your Why Tulane essay to expand on your interests and passions as a student and person. Tie those interests back to Tulane itself to show why Tulane is the right school for you. Tulane places a large emphasis on community service, so if you have experience doing community service in your hometown or plan to make that a large part of your life at college, this essay is a great opportunity to talk about that passion. If you want to study a specific field, like public health, that Tulane specializes in, the Why Tulane essay is the place to highlight that. Use this essay to describe how attending Tulane fits in with your plans. Doing so will help show the admissions committee that you plan to make the most out of your time on campus. #3: Experiences You’ve Had With Current or Former Students Tulane admissions officer Jeff Schiffman recommends name-dropping current or former Tulane students to explain why you’re interested in attending the university. According to Schiffman, your reasons don’t have to be particularly highbrow or academically-minded. You might just have noticed some awesome Instagram posts from a friend of a friend or heard great things from your second cousin. However you have the connection, use the Why Tulane essay to prove your interest in attending Tulane. Tips for Writing an Amazing Why Tulane Essay Writing a strong Why Tulane application essay isn’t just about picking the right topic. You need to make sure your essay is the best possible example of your work in order to wow the admissions committee. Follow these three tips for writing an amazing Tulane application essay. #1: Make Your Work Tulane-Specific Nothing about your Why Tulane essay should be generic or impersonal. The more specific you can be when answering this prompt, the better. Don’t say Tulane has great academics, caring professors, and an interesting student body. Tulane knows that already - it doesn’t need you to tell its admissions officers that. Everything you write about in your Why Tulane essay should be specific to Tulane - from the names of the professors and the courses to the feeling you had while visiting the campus. The more authentic you are, the more your passion for Tulane will stand out. #2: Do Your Research The best way to make your Why Tulane essay specific to Tulane is to do your research about the school. If you can, visit the campus to get a feel for its student body and on-campus life. If you can’t, spend time perusing the school’s website and try to speak with current or former students. The more you know about Tulane, the more convincingly you’ll be able to write that Tulane is the best school for you to attend. You should get an idea for the different clubs and activities that you’d like to participate in. You can find this information on the school’s website. It can also be worthwhile to schedule a meeting with a professor, especially if you have a particular area of study that you’re extremely interested in. #3: Proofread and Polish Your Essay Your Tulane essay should be the strongest example of your work possible. Before you turn in your application, make sure to edit and proofread your essays. Your work should be free of spelling and grammar errors. Make sure to run your essays through a spelling and grammar check before you submit. It’s a good idea to have someone else read your â€Å"Why Tulane† essay, too. You can seek a second opinion on your work from a parent, teacher, or friend. Ask them whether your work represents you as a student and person. Have them check and make sure you haven’t missed any small writing errors. Having a second opinion will help your work be the best it possibly can be. In Summary The Why Tulane supplement essay is your opportunity to show why you want to attend Tulane University. The Why Tulane essay is†¦ An opportunity to explain what you specifically like about Tulane. A place to highlight your unique skills and interests. The Why Tulane essay isn’t†¦ The place to share why going to college in general is important. An opportunity to talk about the other schools you’re applying to. What’s Next? Starting your essay is often the hardest part. If you're unsure where to begin, read our guide to starting your essay perfectly! A good essay is just one part of a successful Tulane application. If you want to really wow the admissions office, be sure your grades and test scores are up to par. Tulane University may not be an Ivy League school, but that doesn't mean your application shouldn't be Ivy League-caliber. Use these tips for getting into Harvard to shape your college application, and you'll have no problem getting into any school you choose! Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now:

How Dretske responds to Chisholm's claim that intentionality cannot be Essay

How Dretske responds to Chisholm's claim that intentionality cannot be naturalized - Essay Example Chisholm argued that intentionality cannot be naturalized because of the numerous influencing factors that surround us. According to Locke Chisholm argued that for every decision we make there must be a factor that influences or alters a person’s needs or will. He further argued that every decision we make is based on the fact that we must take the path to be comfortable. According to Chisholm factors affecting a person’s intent may also be psychological. This also denies the possibility that intentionality can be natural. To naturalize intentionality Chisholm argued that there must be absolutely free will in an action. In his argument need and wants of the people does not allow what individuals do to be natural. For instance, a person’s need for food, shelter and clothing makes ones intention to acquire the commodities an artificial intent. In this scenario, the intent can only be natural if one could survive without food and still have the intent and urge to ac quire the commodity. ... For instance, one can refer it to natural intentionality when a person takes an alternative option when tackling an issue but as artificial intentionality when the individual chooses another option based on threats or any other influencing factor. Chisholm argued that intentionality cannot be naturalized because of the numerous influencing factors that surround us. According to Locke Chisholm argued that for every decision we make there must be a factor that influences or alters a person’s needs or will (87). He further argued that every decision we make is based on the fact that we must take the path to be comfortable. According to Chisholm factors affecting a person’s intent may also be psychological (Locke 102). This also denies the possibility that intentionality can be natural. To naturalize intentionality Chisholm argued that there must be absolutely free will in an action. In his argument need and wants of the people does not allow what individuals do to be natur al. For instance, a person’s need for food, shelter and clothing makes ones intention to acquire the commodities an artificial intent (Locke 92). In this scenario, the intent can only be natural if one could survive without food and still have the intent and urge to acquire the commodity. According to Chisholm intentionality is built on artificial factors that man cannot evade. The only possibility to have naturalized intentionality is whereby an individual s considered free spirit in his environment. Locke defines a free spirit by arguing that a free spirit is a form of an individual who does not require influence from any environmental factor to make their decision (112). According to the author this scenario is practically impossible. From this perspective,

Major Intellectual Advances and Developments in Knowledge That Essay

Major Intellectual Advances and Developments in Knowledge That Occurred in the Islamic World Under Abbasid Rule - Essay Example According to Bennison (2009, pp43-56) Historians, aptly refer Abbasid era as the â€Å"Golden Age† mainly because of the great scientific and cultural transformations that occurred during the period. Western countries such as ancient Greece and Rome in addition to eastern countries especially China had initiated the path for scientific and intellectual development in the Arab empire. These early advancements converged in the Muslim world partly because of Abbasid rule, which established favourable environment for scientific and intellectual development. Various factors contributed to the desire for knowledge in Muslim world. Firstly, the expansive Abbasid Empire demanded new technologies and improvement to address the existing social, economic and political problems (Akabar, 1992). The vastness of the empire from North Africa to Iran comprised of diverse people with different cultural backgrounds. Interaction between these diverse cultures contributed to the spread of ideas an d creativity in the region. Another reason was that during the period, the Arabic became the language of learning and hence Muslims from the Abbasids Empire had valuable opportunity for engaging in diverse scientific and intellectual pursuits (LeStrange, 2004). ... This was intended to educate the Arab scholars and encourage their contributions in expansion and creation of new knowledge. Astronomy is one of the disciplines that Muslim scholars made tremendous contribution during the Abbasid era. The initial contribution of the Abbasid rule in the field of astronomy commenced with translation of texts from earlier advanced civilisations in the discipline such as the Greek. (Ofek, 2011). Original contribution of Abbasids in astronomy without foreign input was in the formulation of moon and sun spatial motions into comprehensible tables. The discovery was done by Al-Khawarizimi and he later formulated tables denoting planetary motions of other several other planets (Hasan, 2005). Several equipments in astronomy discovered during this time included the astrolabe and the armillary sphere. The armillary sphere was used to calculate the time of the day or year, which assisted the Muslims in setting their sacred schedule. Astrolabe was the precursor of the modern magnetic compass, and was applied in calculating time and establishing position. Astrolabe was particular useful for Muslims because it enabled them establish their position relative to Mecca, where they face during prayers (Bennison, 2009, pp57-65). Astronomy was of particular interests for the Muslims because of the necessity to establish times of prayer and lunar patterns. In addition, the vastness of the Abbasid Empire necessitated the need of being knowledgeable about directions and locations (LeStrange, 2004). Muslims during the Abbasid rule made important contributions in mathematics and their influence is still felt today in that field. Muslims made valuable contribution in algebra and the term â€Å"algebra†

Compensation and other benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compensation and other benefits - Essay Example There are different types of accounting treatment and enclosures for employee compensation and benefits. These include short term, post-employment, long term, and termination benefits. Post-employment employee benefits are into single-employer and multiemployer plans respectively. This paper seeks to explore the different compensation types and how their respective account treatment and disclosures operate. Examples of short-term benefits include compensated absences, profit sharing, and bonuses. These are payable within twelve months following the end of employee’s service rendering period. Others are non-monetary and include housing, medical, cars, and subsidized goods and services. Accounting for these benefits is straightforward since actuarial assumptions are not for measuring the cost or obligation. Besides, any actuarial gain or losses are often not possible. Additionally, short-term benefits requirements are measured through undiscounted means. Some standards may require disclosures regarding employee benefits especially for key personnel managers (THE EU SINGLE MARKET, 2009). Post- employment benefits entail a given entity identified to offer benefits plans. The standard is then applied to all agreements regardless of whether or not they entail establishing a different entity to collect contributions then pay benefits. Examples of post-employment benefits are pensions and other benefits including medical care and life insurance. These benefits can be either through defined plans, based on the scheme’s economic perspective obtained from its critical terms or through defined plan of contribution. A pension scheme maintained by one employer is known as single-employer plan while that supported by different employers is referred to as multiemployer plan. The defined type of contribution plan is accounted for in a direct manner because for every period, the obligation of the reporting entity depends on the amounts likely to be

Beneficial of team work

Beneficial of team work Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success. Henry Ford I personally feel that team work is almost totally beneficial to an organisation and also to its members. Researchers suggest that individuals are better than teams at generating new ideas, but the teams are better than individuals at evaluating ideas. Before advancing into the argument, let us first try to understand what does the term Team actually mean and in turn to understand it we should figure out what does a Group mean. A group is a collection of two or more people who often have a face to face interaction among themselves and work in an interdependent manner in order to achieve their common goals. As mentioned by Katzenbach Smith, a team is an extraordinary form of a formalised group. He states that a team consists of a small number of people who all are committed to serve a common purpose and achieve their performance goals. It generally operates with a common approach and the people in it are always mutually accountable. Having got an idea of what a team really means, now let us try to get a pinch of some of the issues that are being faced by them. The following should be taken care for the proper functioning of a team, A pleasant atmosphere should be maintained within it and all its members should sustain a good relationship among themselves. All the members should be made to actively participate in the team. The members should all be made aware and also accept their team goals the up to date informations should be shared among them. If any misunderstanding arises in the team, they should be resolved as and when possible. Since decision making holds a higher degree of importance, all the team members must be made to participate in it. Performance evaluation should be carried out frequently. Labour should be equally divided among all the members and they should be given the freedom to express their concerns. In order for the team work to be beneficial to an organisation and its employees the practise of it should be made efficient enough. The effectiveness of such a team could be determined by factors like its design, overall composition and the processes it follows whereas Hackman suggests three different criterias for assessing a teams effectiveness. Firstly, it is the actual output of the team. Secondly, the entire team should work as a performing unit. Thirdly, each member of the team should be satisfied with the experience of working in it. As already stated now let us study in detail about the various factors that contributes to the effective working of a team. Effort There are some factors which intensifies the quantity of effort the members of the team disburse on carrying out the given task, Work Design The motivating factor of the team very much relies on its work design. Hackman states that a higher degree of effort is achieved from the team only if the task they perform is found to be challenging, has a major impact on the organisation or its clients, is totally owned by the team and if it gives out regular feedback on the team members performance. Reward System Efforts will be higher if there is a reward system in place. It provides the team with challenging objectives and emphasizes their accomplishment. Hence it directly paves way for the team members growth and indirectly aids the organisations augmentation. Knowledge and Skill The members of the team should be both technically as well functionally competent. The effective performance of a team mainly depends on the resources (Knowledge and Skill) it possesses in order to complete the given job. The factors that should be taken care are, Team Composition A teams composition is mainly determined by the level of expertise it has pertaining to the performing task. But normally the teams composition is determined either by seniority or by personal predilections instead of taking into account the ability or the technical expertise it possesses. Team Size Though many teams in an organisation tend to be large, it does not paves way for the effective functioning of the team. The major issue being that if the number of members in a teams increases then the degree of interaction within the team decreases to a greater extent. In addition some people will start finding it difficult to make their contributions. As stated by Handy, the first and foremost reason for the above is that a tendency would start arising for those who make huge contributions to employ most influence and vice versa. The second factor being that the people who are devoid of their contribution could deny the team of their relevant knowledge and skills. Performance Strategies Hackman states that a team would almost employ a task appropriate performance strategy based on the following three conditions, Firstly, the concern about the amount of information available for the team members to be made use while assessing their performance. Secondly, the concern is about the interaction that takes place within the team members which in turn encourages them to make use of the information available. The teams before getting into the actual must do some pre-work to figure out what the work is all about and the process which they should employ. Thirdly, the team interaction not only paves way for newer ideas but also helps the team to no get deviated from the strategic implementation of their ideas. In spite of taking good care during some instances there seems to be some deviation from the chosen approach, which in turn is mainly due to the lacking of quality in the decision making process. Decision Making One of the major factors pursued by a team in order to achieve good results both for the organisation and its members is the Decision Making. All the members of the team should be actively made to participate in the decision making process. Biasing is an important factor that arises during the decision making process. The one being the general biasing where even though there seems to be an abundance of information across all the team members, it is always some peoples voice which could be heard in the decision making process owing to their seniority. The second kind of biasing is called the Epistemic Freezing, which means the team tends to come up with an opinion and once it is shaped up it is left all alone i.e., it is literally let to freeze out. The teams normally make accurate decisions when compared to the individuals. There are two reasons to support it. Firstly, when all the members of the team are brought together they all in turn bring about a diversity of knowledge and information which could not be obtained from a single person. Secondly, there would be different approaches by different kinds of people in a team for the problem in progress. The teams should comprise of a good mix of people in order to make the decision making process effective. It should have a combination with different levels of experiences in the problem they are dealing with. The status of the team members should never be considered in the decision making process, this is because the members with a higher status always try to have some amount of influence on the teams solution to the given problem which in some scenarios could be wrong. There are number of techniques for performing the decision making process in a team. Some of them are as follows, Brainstorming A team of about five to ten people sit together and discuss for about an hour about the issues on which they need to generate newer ideas. It is normally the lead person who initiates the meeting. The entire conversation between the team members are recorded for later assessment. Delphi Technique The actual face to face interaction among the team members does not takes place. Initially each member of the group writes down his ideas and solutions to the reported problem, which are then updated in a common database. Each member of the team are then sent a copy of the other members contributions and are all expected give out their comments for the same. The above process is repeated until the team arrives at a common solution. Stages of Team Development There are five stages in the development process of a team. The teams though often keep changing the order of development owing to the constant change of members in it. Forming The actual formation of the team takes place in this stage. The team interacts and learns about the challenges and agrees on their goals. This is considered as the most important stage as the basic interaction between the team members takes place here. Storming The team argues about the different ideas that are to be considered. Since all the team members actively participate, this stage is considered necessary for the growth of the team. Norming The team members start to adjust each others behaviour and make work to seem more natural and free flowing. They agree on each others rules working methods and ideas. A sense of mutual trust begins to develop among them. Performing The teams begin to perform their tasks as unit without any supervision. The members of the team tend to be become interdependent, motivated and knowledgeable. In this stage the team members care of the decision making processes by themselves. A teams success not only depends on its members but mainly on the kind of leader it has. A leader is one who guides as well as acts with his team to achieve their objectives. A good team should have leader who could portray different working styles and also be able to recognise the strengths of his team members as well as tolerate their weakness. Also an excellent team should not be stuck with the one person as its leader all the time. Team Building Team are often found to be more cohesive. The factors that add on to it are, The Common Task Teams always perform as closely tied unit since they work for achieving a common goal. This unified approach leads to a greater degree of cooperation and job satisfaction among its members which in turn helps the organisation to give out its deliverables at a faster rate. Communication When there is a better level of communication among the team members, they begin to help each other and make themselves to get a grip on all the processes. Hence communication paves way for the team to start working as an organised unit. Size The team should only have a maximum of 10-12 members. Increases in the number of members tend to have an adverse on the performance of the team. Belbin has suggested eight roles that could be used while building a team. They are, Company Workers A person who is hard working and self disciplined. He has good organising ability and is also pretty dutiful. Chairperson A person who has good idea about his team objectives. He is almost confident, calm and treats everyone in the team fairly. He is not all biased. Shaper As the name indicates he is the person who challenges and corrects all kinds of deficiencies that is prevalent in the team. Plant A person with higher degree of individualism and with radiant imagination and intellectual capabilities. Resource Investigator Someone who comes up with newer ideas and solutions for the reports problems. He communicates well with all his team members. Monitor Evaluator Someone having good judgemental capabilities and a practical attitude towards work. Team Worker He is always calm in nature and interacts with others and induces team spirit among them. Completer-Finisher An anxious person who follows order in each and everything he does and has a obsession towards perfection. Though team work always ends up in success, there are some scenarios which could result for its failure, If there are not enough knowledgeable people Conflicts between the members of the team owing to the portrayal of different characters Incapability of some to perform their assigned tasks Constant changing of the roles of the members within the team Lack of basic ethos to aid the team growth by the organisation

Raising an authentic child in an unauthentic world Essay -- American S

Certainly, most parents’ today have the desire to raise healthy, happy, successful, well-rounded, children with good character. Parents are following the vast amounts of ‘how-to† advice that society continues to generate, believe they are doing everything â€Å"right†, but do not seem to be achieving the desired outcome (Boteach 1). Parents are left with more questions than they began with, children continue to encompass the negative characteristics and the divide between what is desired and what is produced continues to grow. Therefore, this paper will examine the cultural, societal, parental, and communicative causes to why this is happening. An overall explanation would be that it seems that the more we progress technologically and educationally, the more we digress socially and individually. American society has gone from families living in close proximity to one another, having weekly gatherings and a genuine bond, to families scattered across the country only coming together every other Thanksgiving or Christmas, and possibly a few weeks in the summer, with a mind-set of obligation instead of one of devotion. Family friendships that used to span generations have been replaced with chains of multiple lifestyle enclaves that simply do not provide roots for families today. And parenting that was once based on instinct, logic, and generational advice is now fueled by a need to find a â€Å"how-to† manual to provide the appropriate answers in a search to produce the perfect child. To better understand how these cultural, societal, parental, and communicative elements have an effect on parenting children today, this paper will explore the messages parents create and communicate to their children in relation to want is actually being co... ...t they are in contact with. In other words, parenting has evolved into something that is done for other parents, not for children. American Children In the article, The Demise of Child-Rearing, Lyric Wallwork Winik paints a picture of modern day American children: In many respects, not since four- and five-year-old children were sent down into the mines or consigned to the factory floor has it been harder to be a child. Children are more medicated than ever. They are routinely exposed to sexual situations sooner, as well as to violence, illicit drugs, and alcohol. With the rise of sexual predators, they are for the most part no longer free to hop on their bikes and explore the suburban world; many are not allowed even to walk an urban or suburban block alone. Spontaneous play time has given way to scheduled play dates and organized pint-sized soccer leagues.

Business Articles- Term Paper for Econ 500

PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS ECON 5031 – Jul/Aug 2007 Instructor: Dr. Hi? n Van Tr? n, Professor Requirement The paper must be between 3 to 5 pages long and double-spaced with the font size of 12 and 1-inch margin for all four sides. The focus of the paper is on a survey and analysis of macroeconomics and microeconomics-oriented business articles that have been published within the past two months in non-Vietnamese business magazines/journals/websites concerning a non-Vietnamese event. Each of the chosen articles must be 1000 words or more; and your paper should cover three articles of non-related events. For each article, your write-up must include the source (magazine/journal/website name, publication date, author, and page number), a brief summary of the article, the embedded macroeconomic concept(s), and your thoughts on why you chose this article. The goal of this essential course is to understand distinctly events happing all over the world with the term of microeconomics and macroeconomics. Based on this goal, during the course, the course’s knowledge helps me clarify the world’s economy, the way how firms and households interact together in the competitive market as well as the ways how the government adjusts a country’s economy through governmental policies. In the term paper’s content, I would like to choose three different articles which analyze three different events of microeconomics and macroeconomics to have a thorough grasp the economic foundation. Article 1 _ â€Å"Russia’s economy† Publication date: August, 24th, 2007. From the Economist Intelligence Unit Views Wire. Source: http://economist. com/daily/news/displaystory. cfm? story_id=9706752 Summary: To curb the fall in the rouble’s value against the dollar of around half of a percentage point, the Central Bank of Russia sold up to US$4bn on Aug, 21st. Due to the rouble’s dip, foreign investors have liquidated their rouble positions in the wake of turmoil in the US subprime mortgage market and potentially a change in sentiment towards risk on the part of investors. That the spread on the benchmark 2030 Eurobond had been rising since June made the biggest decrease of RTS Index, gold and currency reserves during that time. Regardless of the short term movements in currency and bond markets, the Russian government continued to run a healthy fiscal surplus, which has significant exposure to the US subprime mortgage market. In fact, Russia has to face the following difficulties. Firstly, although the authorities have tended to favor a competitive exchange-rate over the price stability in recent years, the importance accorded to a stronger rouble as a curb on inflation has increased this year. The reduction or elimination of upwards pressure on the rouble therefore it presents a problem for the authorities. Secondly, Russia’s corporations cannot be as sanguine as the government about the rise in spreads and the reduction in risk appetite on part of investors. Last but not least, that numerous issues were delayed, cancelled or scaled back makes Russian firms eager to generate finance for expansion and raise their profile abroad. If this is the worst of the subprime crisis for Russia, the country will have got off lightly. Embedded economic concepts: †¢ Central bank: A government monetary authority that issues currency and regulates the supply of credit and holds the reserves of other banks and sells new issues of securities for the government. Stock market: An exchange where security trading is conducted by professional stockbrokers. †¢ Financial market: financial institutions through which savers can directly provide funds to borrowers. †¢ Bond: a certificate of indebtedness. †¢ Stock: a claim to partial ownership in a firm. †¢ Exchange rate: The charge f or exchanging currency of one country for currency of another Why am I intrigued by this article? In the macroeconomics, the government policies play a very important role to curb the currency’s value and to dominate the inflation as well. In this article, the Russian government had an active policy to curb the fall in the rouble’s value against the US dollar. Yet the global market is usually changeable, Russia cannot be out of the market’s affects and has to face many difficulties as well. To solve the problem, the government must have flexible regulations, rules and laws in the proper time to control the currency’s value, inflation and the economy’s growth rate. In fact, the Russian government has to do more things to bypass the subprime crisis. Article 2 _ â€Å"Chinese seek to buy a U. S. maker of disk drives† Publication date: August 25th, 2007. By JOHN MARKOFF (New York Times) Source: http://www. nytimes. com/2007/08/25/business/worldbusiness/25drive. html? _r=1&adxnnl=1&ref=business&adxnnlx=1188035759-/R6wMhYdw1xWl4NHKbqKUA&oref=slogin Summary: A Chinese technology company has expressed interest in buying a maker of computer disk drives in the United States, raising concerns among American government officials about the risks to national security in transferring high technology to China. The transfer of advanced disk drive manufacturing technology would give the Chinese a major leg up in competing in information technologies. China, however, still lags in basic manufacturing skills like semiconductor design and manufacturing. In fact, the Chinese government faces a quandary: how to improve yields on its foreign exchange reserves as well as how to encourage companies and even individuals to invest more overseas, as a way to offset some foreign investment pouring into China. Yet the Chinese companies’ investment for an American high-tech company is blocked for political reasons. Basically, Washington so distrusts China, therefore they are trying to throw roadblocks in the path of its economic developments. Embedded economic concepts: †¢ Foreign exchange: the system by which one currency is exchanged for another; enables international transactions to take  place †¢ Import: goods produced abroad and sold domestically †¢ Export: goods produced domestically and sold abroad Trade surplus: A quantity that a country gains from trade. Why am I intrigued by this article? In chapter 17, we can see that technologies play an important role to improve a country’s productivity. If China wants to get the trust from Washington, in general, and American high-tech companies, in particular, the Chinese government must have good policies in the information technology anti-piracy and come to terms in a highly national security when receiving th e transferring high technology from the US. In addition, the policies which encourage Chinese companies to invest more oversea in order to balance between the inflow and the outflow investments in China is an excellent example of regulating a country’s macroeconomics. Article 3 _ â€Å"To Woo Europeans, McDonald’s Goes Upscale Publication date: August 25, 2007. By JULIA WERDIGIER (New York Times) Source: http://www. nytimes. com/2007/08/25/business/worldbusiness/25restaurant. html? _r=1&adxnnl=1&oref=slogin&ref=worldbusiness&adxnnlx=1188088657-Xu2NFGoMNso7mpC3w6pNjA Summary: With the innovation aiming to create a more relaxed experience in a sophisticated atmosphere, McDonald’s plans to spend hundreds of millions dollars remodeling almost its restaurants and spreading its hegemony in Europe. The changes are paying off when the sales at Europe’s 6400 restaurants increase 15%, to $4. 1 billion, compared with 6% growth in the US, where McDonald’s has 13,800 restaurants and sales totaled $3. 9 billion. Moreover, that McDonald highly adapts its menu to local tastes gives incentives to customers and makes them more enjoyable with its restaurant chain throughout the Europe. It has a broad appropriate diversification in design and tastes, which are appealing and suitable for each locations and clientele. Remodeling is also catching on in the United States in the last two years, though less extensively than in Europe, but it seems to be less efficient in where customers prefer to eat in their cars or take their food home. Embedded economic concepts: †¢ Total revenue: the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold. †¢ Profit: total revenue minus total cost. †¢ Incentive: something that induces a person to act. †¢ Competitive market: a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker. Why am I intrigued by this article? Different from the two articles above, this article is about the microeconomics in term of interacting between a global firm and customers. In chapter 4, we study the factors that affect the demand curve, including the price, income, tastes, and expectations. In fact, the most interesting thing when I read this article is that McDonald’s has a perfect diversification strategy not only in design but also in tastes and expectations, which is suitable for each appropriate location throughout the Europe. It makes sense when giving incentives to customers to be more enjoyable in common fast food like hamburgers, French fries or caffe` lattes. As a result, it makes the increase in McDonald’s products demand all over the world. With this innovation, McDonald’s is doing a good job in term of luring more customers and raising its revenue in the global competitive market. [pic]

Differences Between Personnel Management And Hr Management Commerce Essay

In this chapter of the thesis, I will discourse the chief maps of an HR director, Personnel Management, differences between Personnel Management and Human Resource Management like joy analysis, forces planning and recruiting, employee testing and choice every bit good as preparation and development.2.1 Challenges of Personnel ManagementDay to twenty-four hours challenges are faced by Personnel Management. Personnel Management have to cover with a work force that includes struggle between the staff members or sometimes with the direction. Analyzing the statistics of the concern which includes day-to-day analysis of the employees like the absence of employee, predictable market forces that impact on concern results. Changes in engineering, is one of the chief challenges that is included on the top challenges of Personnel Management. Business are trade with limitations which is caused by budget restraints, non holding accomplishments within the work force Personnel direction are responsible for happening out the solution and get the better of this state of affairs. Practical jobs like failure of equipment and machinery can besides take to this job. The direction should maintain be cautious that no employee is idle.2.2 Differences between Personnel Management and HR ManagementThe chief difference between forces direction and human resource direction is: forces direction is the traditional attack and human resource direction is the modern attack towards pull offing employees in an endeavor. We compare personnel direction and human resource direction, forces direction is a preponderantly administrative record-keeping map that establishes and manage just footings and conditions of employment contract, whereas human resource direction integrates the traditional forces direction maps to corporate ends and schemes, and performs extra people centered organisational developmental activities. Significant difference exists between forces direction and human resource direction in footings of range, attack, and application.2.2.1 Differences in ScopeThe range of forces direction includes activities like work force planning, enlisting, occupation rating, occupation analysis, developing disposal, and related undertakings. Human resources direction includes all the above activities and organisational developmental activities like leading, motive, developing organisational civilization, communicating of shared values. The human resource direction attack remains integrated to the company ‘s nucleus scheme, and seek to optimise this usage of human resource for the accomplishing organisational ends. This strategic and doctrine context of human resource direction makes it more purposeful, relevant, and more effectual compared to the forces direction attack.Difference in ApproachPersonnel direction attack tends to attach much importance to norms, imposts and established patterns, where theA HR approachA gives importance to values and mission. Personnel direction attack besides concerns itself with set uping regulations, policies, processs, and contracts, and strives to supervise and implement conformity to such ordinances, with careful word picture of written contract. The human resource direction attack remains impatient with regulations and ordinances, and attempts to loosen up them based on concern demands and exigencies, and purpose to travel by the spirit of the contract instead than the missive of the contract. An illustration of this difference in attack prevarications in the intervention of employee motive. The personnel direction attack holds employee satisfaction as the key to maintaining employees motivated, and institute compensation, fillips, wagess, and work simplification enterprises as possible incentives. The human resource doctrine hold improved public presentation as the driver of employee satisfaction, and invent schemes such as work challenges, squad work, and creativeness to better motive.Difference in NatureAnother dimension of the difference is attack between human resources and forces direction is the nature of human resource direction compared to the nature of forces direction. Personnel direction remains distant from nucleus organisational activities, maps independently, and takes a reactive attack to alterations in corporate ends or scheme. Human resource direction remains incorporate with corporate scheme and takes a proactive attack to aline the work force toward achievement ofA ends. Example, the forces direction attacks concerns itself with public presentation assessment procedure, human resource direction attack has a more comprehensive public presentation direction system that aims to rectify public presentation instead than do a study card of past public presentation.Difference in ApplicationPersonnel direction is an independent staff map in the organisation, with the actions from directors, and no linkage to the organisations core procedure. Human resource direction remains integrated with the organisations core scheme and maps. Though a distinguishable human resource section carries out much of the human resource direction undertakings, human res ource enterprises involve the direction and runing staff strongly. Personnel direction besides strives to accommodate the aspirations and positions of the work force with direction involvement by institutional agencies such as corporate bargaining, trade brotherhood based dialogues and the similar. This leads to arrested development of work conditions applicable for all, and non needfully aligned to overall corporate ends. Human Resource Management gives covering with each employee independently and provides more importance to client developmental activities and easing single employees ( non dickering or negociating with trade brotherhoods ) . Finally, in our treatment of forces direction and human resource direction, we find that forces direction lays down stiff occupation description with many classs and a fixed publicity policy – normally based on senior status and public presentation assessment evaluations. Human resource direction on the other manus has comparatively fewer classs and ranks, with loosely defined occupation duties supplying much range for using creativeness and enterprise, and plentifulness of calling waies, with accomplishments, endowment and committedness the cardinal drivers of calling promotion.2.3 Use of occupation analysis information[ 1 ]This includes several HR direction activities: Recruitment and choice: It has information on human features required to execute activities every bit good as what the occupation intends. This is described by occupation specifications and descriptions and it besides helps the direction to make up one's mind what sort of people they should engage. Compensation: The HR director usage occupation analysis information in order to make up one's mind appropriate compensation ( such as salary and other inducements ) . Compensation of an employee is depend on occupations required accomplishments and instruction degree, the grade of duty every bit good as on other factors which can be assist through occupation analysis. By and large, the employee classs their occupation into categories ( like secretary in grade III ) .Job analysis besides contains information on the comparative worth of each occupation. Performance assessment: This is a procedure through which existent public presentation is compared in relation with his public presentation criterions. With the aid of occupation analysis, directors determine public presentation criterions every bit good as occupation specific activities. Training: The preparation demands of a occupation are by and large mentioned in the occupation description. Detecting unassigned responsibilities: With the aid of occupation analysis, the directors can apportion even assigned responsibilities. For illustration, the company ‘s production director may be responsible for a twelve of responsibilities like production programming, natural stuff buying. Missing, nevertheless, is any mention to pull offing natural stuff stock lists. After diging deeper, one learns that other fabrication people are non responsible for stock list direction. So, the directors teach whom to delegate all those exposed unassigned responsibilities. EEO complains: EEO complains should be considered by HR directors as reflect to the US federal bureaus uniform guidelines on employee choice. For illustration, employers must be able to turn out that the choice standards and occupation public presentation are really related.

Free Essays on Impact Of The Cultural Element, Language, In International Marketing

Introduction: Any multinational firm that is consumer-oriented is said to be cultural bound. This to great extent is true because consumers of such products are members of certain cultural groupings and inclinations irrespective of their stages in life. It explains why marketers have recently turned keen ears to cultural influences on their marketing activities. Although all cultures exist for the gratification of groups of people, they reveal a tremendous spectrum of diversity in what a society expects of its members. They are designed to satisfy biological as well as esteem and companionship needs. Since there are variations in needs and marketing opportunities, it follows that an understanding of a people’s culture is important to both marketing scholars and practitioners alike. They need to understand culture since it provides approved specific goal objectives for any generalized human want. Hawkins et al. (1983) defined culture as that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, law, morals, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. To Hawkins et al., term, â€Å"acquired by man† means that culture is socially learnt. The researcher therefore looks at culture as a total way of life of people living together. Every individual is subject to his or her culture, that is, the way people live, eat, dance, believe, dress, sing, etc. The general patterns of behavior by people are influenced by their culture. Many multinational firms market their products not as they are produced, but are affected by some cultural influences. It was therefore recommended that multinational corporation should embrace the marketing concept in their operation, their promotion and products adapted to the environment. The consumer should be receptive to other people’s ways of life which leads to inter-cultural socialization while th e government should promote mass literacy program. Cultural elemen... Free Essays on Impact Of The Cultural Element, Language, In International Marketing Free Essays on Impact Of The Cultural Element, Language, In International Marketing Introduction: Any multinational firm that is consumer-oriented is said to be cultural bound. This to great extent is true because consumers of such products are members of certain cultural groupings and inclinations irrespective of their stages in life. It explains why marketers have recently turned keen ears to cultural influences on their marketing activities. Although all cultures exist for the gratification of groups of people, they reveal a tremendous spectrum of diversity in what a society expects of its members. They are designed to satisfy biological as well as esteem and companionship needs. Since there are variations in needs and marketing opportunities, it follows that an understanding of a people’s culture is important to both marketing scholars and practitioners alike. They need to understand culture since it provides approved specific goal objectives for any generalized human want. Hawkins et al. (1983) defined culture as that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, law, morals, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. To Hawkins et al., term, â€Å"acquired by man† means that culture is socially learnt. The researcher therefore looks at culture as a total way of life of people living together. Every individual is subject to his or her culture, that is, the way people live, eat, dance, believe, dress, sing, etc. The general patterns of behavior by people are influenced by their culture. Many multinational firms market their products not as they are produced, but are affected by some cultural influences. It was therefore recommended that multinational corporation should embrace the marketing concept in their operation, their promotion and products adapted to the environment. The consumer should be receptive to other people’s ways of life which leads to inter-cultural socialization while th e government should promote mass literacy program. Cultural elemen...

UNIT 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

UNIT 5 - Essay Example When management carries out its duties effectively by attaining desired results, then that defines doing things the right way. On the other hand, when management does things efficiently, that is accomplishing set goals in the required way, then that is doing the right thing. Setting measurable goals such as budgets and production levels gives the manager a chance to analyze reasons for missing certain goals. Reasonable and measurable goals help managers to expose reasons that results into struggles of working staff. In addition, measurable goals help in preventing miscommunication among members of the organization. Without measurable goals, employees morale decreases because staff members feel that they work without direction. It, therefore, is through setting up of measurable goals that employees prove to their managers their worth and goals. Every project goal has its critical dimensions. Three of these critical dimensions include cost, scope and schedule of the project in question. For any project, the manager must put into consideration cost of materials that the entire project may require. Secondly, the required release date of the project makes it necessary for a manager to treat schedule with significance (Sanzo et al.,  2012). Finally, project managers also need to take care of the project scope. Project scope involves performance requirements and any other set features in the project goal. The most common types of project manager’s charts are the PERT Chart and Gantt chart. Both PERT and Gantt charts help managers to plan their projects in a manner that enables the project team to visualize the project as a whole or in part (Bowen, 2014). However, PERT and Gantt display varied contrasts. Gantt charts describe tasks dependencies, onset and ending times for project tasks while PERT charts describe parallel activities and that are sequential. Gantt charts mainly depict simple related tasks whereas PERT charts focus on